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Links & Reference
Links:
Green Energy News National news and research on power generation
High Country News covers environmental issues of the West
References:
1
Otto Stutzer, Geology of Coal; translated and revised by Adolph C. Noé. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 1940. N.B. The initial combustion and expansion of gasses: 2CH4 + 4O4 = 2CO2 + 4H2O induces a second blast, as the water vapor condenses and the gasses implode.2
Elwood S. Moore, Coal; its properties, analysis, classification, geology, extraction, uses and distribution; John Wiley & Sons New York,, 1922. Streptococcus and the common coal? According to this author, bacteria, and other "low organisms" attack and macerate vegetal matter. "recognized representatives of the living forms such as Micrococcus and Streptococcus… were most active in the upper layers of the peat…." How much can you borrow from pillars? Foster's Rule: Radius of circular pillar, or half side of square pillar in feet, is equal to 3 times the square root of the product of the depth of cover, in feet, and the thickness of the seam in feet.2
3
E.A.Ginzel, Steel in Ancient Greece and Rome; 1995. http://www.mri.on.ca/steel.html4
John T. Hack, Prehistoric Coal Mining in the Jeddito valley, Arizona, Reports of the Awatovi Expedition , Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 1942Watson Smith, Painted Ceramics of the Western Mound at Awatovi, Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Cambridge, MA 1971
5
F.E. Kottlowski, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico; (1965) pp. 101-116.Hazards of 19th century coal mining:
6
Stephen Crane, In the Depths of a Coal Mine. McClure's Magazine, vol. III August, 1894 No.3.www.history.ohio_state.edu/projects/coal/Hazards/HazardsCoal.htm
7
Anthony Wallace, St. Clair; a Nineteenth-Century Coal Town's Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry. Alfr4ed A. Knopf: New York, 1997.Profile of a Kentucky coal region, past and present rehabilitation:
http://www.portal31.org/background_info.htmStatistics from the following sources:
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC Form 423, Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants"
8
US Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining, Annual Report; fiscal year 2000.9
Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy The U.S. Coal Industry, 1970-1990: Two Decades of Change; November 1992. http:www.eia.doe.gov/eneaf/electricity/epav1/elecprod.html10
Information provided by BHP Coal New Mexico, San Juan Coal Company11
Office of Surface Mining Annual Report 2000. In 1911 coal extracted in the US was about 500 million short tons;2 (almost half the production for the year 2000).11 Today American consumers use almost a third of world production .1212
http://www.archive.sln.org.uk/exhibit/coal/economics/coaluses.htm
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